不符合STEMI標準的下壁OMI
是什麼: Stephen W. Smith(Hennepin Healthcare,OMI主軸)在Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格)11-02發表:一位52歲男性胸痛,他剛畢業的住院醫師判讀為下壁OMI並啟動導管室,但心臟科回覆「不符合STEMI標準」。1 心臟科建議先排除其他胸痛原因、試試硝化甘油;第一個troponin是10 ng/L(參考上限34 ng/L)。1
為什麼要在意: 她在胸痛未改善時再做一張心電圖,Smith認為這張明顯有動態變化、仍可診斷OMI,雖然單看沒有第一張那麼明顯;心臟科這才同意做心導管,結果是99%右冠狀動脈罪犯病灶並放置支架,troponin高峰在8000多ng/L(Smith推測是troponin I)。1 文中PMcardio Queen of Hearts AI模型對第二張心電圖的OMI判讀為78%;利益揭露: Smith持有Queen of Hearts開發商Powerful Medical的股份,本篇部落格文中未見揭露。12 病人自動離院,後續結果不明。1 單一病例 · 專家判讀 · 教學級
Ken Grauer(KG-EKG Press,佛州ECG教學)的評論把焦點放在aVL:電軸相對水平時,aVL的T波倒置本來就不正常,何況相對於很小的R波,倒置T波明顯過大,還帶著下凹再上揚的形狀;III導程是它的鏡像。3 他的結論是I、III、aVL三個肢導程合起來,在新發胸痛的病人要當成急性OMI直到證明不是,找舊心電圖會很有幫助。3
Grauer也指出胸前導程R波進展非常不尋常,V2的R波已超過20 mm,他更懷疑是電極位置問題而不是後壁OMI,並說自己會立刻重做第一張心電圖、確認胸前導程位置。3
所以呢: Grauer形容這張心電圖很細微,而讓他第一眼就知道不正常的是aVL,再由III導程的鏡像改變佐證。3 台灣急診的導管室啟動多半綁在STEMI標準上;被擋下時,與其爭論毫米數,不如在症狀持續時立即重複心電圖,把「動態變化」與troponin一起帶回去討論。
GI cocktail騙不了心電圖
是什麼: Smith在Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格)11-06發表:一位30多歲、有高血壓病史的女性,反覆「燒灼感」胸痛約10天,之前被當成胃食道逆流治療;一個月前在門診也提過胸痛,當時心電圖只有左心室肥厚,沒有驗troponin就讓她回家。4 這次到急診時血壓174/118,胸痛中的心電圖被記錄為「ST壓低」卻同時寫「無急性發現」,也被記錄為「不符合STEMI標準」。4
為什麼要在意: Smith認為這張心電圖可診斷下壁後壁OMI:III導程平直的輕微ST抬高、aVL對應性ST壓低與下凹再上揚的T波,ST壓低以V4最明顯。4 床邊超音波沒看到室壁運動異常;她在急診給了GI cocktail(Maalox加lidocaine)後胸痛明顯減輕但仍存在,而第一個troponin是4406 ng/L。4 正式心臟超音波估計左心室射出分率40%並有局部室壁運動異常,心導管的罪犯病灶是大的遠端OM1次全阻塞,另疑似右冠狀動脈慢性完全阻塞。4 文中也有Queen of Hearts判讀圖;利益揭露: Smith持有其開發商Powerful Medical的股份,本篇部落格文中未見揭露。2 單一病例 · 專家意見 · 教學級
Smith的學習重點寫得很直接:胃食道逆流與心肌缺血,沒有心電圖和troponin就無法區分;正常心電圖不能排除急性MI,只有troponin可以;GI cocktail這類治療性試驗作為診斷手段完全不可靠。4 他也提醒,第二次troponin略降到3177 ng/L雖然稍微令人安心,但troponin反映的是幾小時前的狀況,不是當下。4
Ken Grauer(KG-EKG Press,佛州ECG教學)補充兩點:一是新舊心電圖並排比,才看得出III與aVL的新變化;二是女性病人胸前導程位置特別難一致,電極放在乳房上或下,可能讓前後兩張的QRS與ST-T形狀明顯不同。5
所以呢: 胸痛的病人可以給GI cocktail緩解症狀,但「吃了有效」不能寫進排除缺血的理由。4 台灣急診常見「年輕、胃痛病史、吃制酸劑變好」就準備離院的情境;這例提醒的是:門診或急診看到胸痛,至少要有一套心電圖加troponin,並調出舊心電圖並排看III與aVL。
fludrocortisone與低血壓型暈厥
是什麼: Kenny、Brignole等在Europace(歐洲節律)11-03發表多中心、前瞻、非隨機研究:自主神經性暈厥且有低血壓表型的病人,由臨床醫師依經驗調整fludrocortisone,治療前與藥物調整後各做一次24小時動態血壓監測。6 94位病人(年齡中位數38歲、83%女性)中,16位因副作用停藥,最後分析83位(原文摘要的人數無法加總一致,照原文呈現)。6
為什麼要在意: 24小時平均收縮壓從106.3±8.2升到112.3±9.3 mmHg;白天收縮壓低於90與100 mmHg的次數分別減少61%與45%。6 每年暈厥次數減少50.2%,中位數從2.0降到0.0次(追蹤中位數12.9個月),85.6%病人自覺症狀改善,年輕組與年長組的結果相近。6 不過研究沒有對照組,暈厥本來就有自然緩解與回歸平均的現象,效果大小在非隨機設計下無法確定;作者也寫明副作用造成17%停藥。6 PubMed摘要未附利益衝突聲明(待確認)。 前瞻 · 非隨機 · 無對照 · n=94 · 假說級
所以呢: 本刊觀點:這不是急診當場開藥的研究,而是出院銜接的參考:反覆暈厥、平常血壓偏低的年輕病人,出院時可以轉介暈厥或心臟門診,討論包含fludrocortisone在內的選項,而不是只叮嚀「多喝水」。 急診端的責任仍是先排除心律不整與結構性心臟病造成的暈厥。
延伸與出處
本週其他值得注意的標題
急診ECG分級共識問卷: Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格)11-05轉貼Louise Cullen(澳洲布里斯本急診醫師)團隊的CUES-ED國際問卷,調查急診臨床人員認為哪些心電圖發現需要資深醫師緊急覆閱;問卷說明指出不是所有心電圖都需要緊急覆閱,但目前全都被當成緊急處理,造成工作流程反覆中斷。7 參與資格限澳洲、紐西蘭、美國、加拿大與英國的急診專科醫師或受訓醫師。7
RBBB合併暈厥: Europace(歐洲節律)11-06刊出Francisco-Pascual等的研究,標題指出沒有合併左束支分支阻滯的右束支傳導阻滯暈厥病人「風險較低,但不是良性」;本週尚無摘要,數字待原文上線後再補。8
誰這週有新作
Stephen W. Smith本週在部落格發表兩則病例(見卡1、卡2),Ken Grauer兩篇都有評論。Pendell Meyers、Jesse McLaren、Emre Aslanger、Willy Frick在本週範圍內沒有新的PubMed文章;快取中較早的文章本刊先前已介紹,不再重複。
引用
Smith SW,〈First EKG? 2nd EKG?〉,Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格),2026-11-02。原文:「A 52 year old male presented with chest pain.」;「She activated the cath lab. But cardiology said "It does not meet STEMI criteria."」;「The first troponin returned at 10 ng/L (URL = 34 ng/L)」;「It is clearly dynamic AND still diagnostic of OMI, but on its own it is less diagnostic than the first one.」;「The Queen is less impressed (78%) but that is still very specific.」;「There was a 99% RCA culprit that was stented」;「Peak troponin (Probably troponin I, not T) was in the 8000s ng/L. Patient left against medical advice」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Smith SW、de Alencar JN,〈The Unlucky Occlusion Patients Missed by the STEMI/NSTEMI Paradigm May Be Found by OMI/NOMI〉,JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions(JACC心血管介入),2026-10-12(PMID 42863866),利益衝突聲明。原文:「Dr Smith holds stock in Powerful Medical, maker of the PMCardio Queen of Hearts AI ECG Model.」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎
Grauer K,評論(2026-11-02),收於〈First EKG? 2nd EKG?〉,Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格)。原文:「Today's ECG is subtle.」;「My "eye" was immediately drawn to the QRST complex in lead aVL」;「The inverted T wave in lead aVL is clearly disproportionately enlarged considering the tiny R wave in this lead」;「T wave inversion is not normal in lead aVL in association with the relatively horizontal frontal plane axis」;「is supported by complex "B" in lead III, which shows the mirror-image opposite ST-T wave picture」;「I thought the findings in these 3 limb leads (leads I, III, aVL) to be highly suspicious for acute OMI until proven otherwise.」;「the predominant R wave that we see already in lead V2 is more than 20 mm tall」;「looks more like a lead placement issue (or an unusual body habitus) than posterior OMI」;「I would have wanted to immediately repeat ECG #1」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Smith SW,〈A 30-something patient with chest pain, resolved after a "GI cocktail"〉,Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格),2026-11-06。原文:「reported experiencing right arm and upper "burning" chest pain for the past 10 days」;「No troponin was measured and she was discharged to home.」;「She was hypertensive with a blood pressure of 174/118.」;「This ECG is diagnostic of inferior-posterior OMI.」;「There is ST depression maximal in lead V4.」;「no wall motion abnormality was identified」;「The first troponin returned at 4406 ng/L.」;「The estimated left ventricular ejection fraction is 40%.」;「subtotal occlusion of a large distal OM1」;「Repeat troponin was a bit lower at 3177 ng/L.」;「GERD (gastroesophageal reflux) cannot be differentiated from myocardial ischemia without both an ECG and troponin.」;「Acute MI cannot be ruled out with a normal ECG.」;「are TOTALLY UNRELIABLE as a diagnostic maneuver」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Grauer K,評論(2026-11-06),收於〈A 30-something patient with chest pain, resolved after a "GI cocktail"〉,Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格)。原文:「Isn't it so much easier to appreciate differences between serial ECGs when you assess both tracings placed side-by-side?」;「optimal chest lead electrode placement is especially problematic in women」;「potentially marked differences in both QRS and ST-T wave morphology may result」。跳到原文 ↩︎
Kenny RA、Rice C、Russo V等、Brignole M,〈Efficacy of fludrocortisone for symptom relief in patients with autonomic syncope and hypotensive phenotype〉,Europace(歐洲節律),2026-11-03線上(PMID 42974690)。原文:「Multicentre, prospective, non-randomized study.」;「In a cohort of 94 patients treated with fludrocortisone (median age 38 [IQR 21-57]) years, 83% females), 16 patients stopped therapy due to side effects」;「The average 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased from 106.3 ± 8.2 mmHg at ABPM 1 to 112.3 ± 9.3 at ABPM 2」;「decreased by 61%, and 45% respectively」;「The annual syncope burden was reduced by 50.2%, from 2.0 (IQR 1.0-4.0) before therapy to 0.0 (IQR 0.0-1.8) episodes during a median follow-up of 12.9 months」;「Subjective symptom improvement was reported by 85.6% of patients.」;「Side effects lead to discontinuation of therapy in 17% of cases.」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Cullen L等,〈Please take this important survey about which ECG findings Emergency Medicine clinicians believe warrant urgent senior medical review.〉,Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格),2026-11-05。原文:「Not all ECGs require urgent review, yet all are currently treated as urgent, which contributes to repeated workflow interruptions.」;「You can participate if you are an Emergency Medicine Specialist or Trainee currently practising in Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada or the UK.」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎
Francisco-Pascual J、Medina-Maguiña JM、Benito B等、Rivas-Gándara N,〈Syncope with right bundle branch block without left hemiblock: lower risk, but not benign.〉,Europace(歐洲節律),2026-11-06線上(PMID 42992502)。跳到原文 ↩︎