肺水腫裡的Aslanger型態
是什麼: 剛自伊拉克醫學院畢業的Ahmed Marai在Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格)10-20發表:65歲男性,有高血壓、缺血性心臟病、心衰竭與末期腎病(每週洗腎4次),一年前做過繞道手術,因呼吸喘兩天、到院前1小時惡化就診,沒有胸痛。1 到院時血壓190/70 mmHg、心跳約130/分、SpO₂ 88%,有肺部囉音與下肢水腫,臨床上就是急性肺水腫。1
為什麼要在意: Stephen W. Smith(Hennepin Healthcare,OMI主軸)判讀:竇性心搏過速、QRS 133 ms的非特異性心室內傳導延遲,I、II、aVL與V2–V6 ST壓低、aVR對應性抬高,但III導程也有ST抬高。1 他稱之為Aslanger型態:瀰漫性心內膜下缺血的ST壓低向量,加上下壁閉塞的ST抬高向量,兩者抵消後只剩III導程看得到抬高。1 Smith也提醒,急性肺水腫常常是由ACS觸發,即使看起來像高血壓引起,血壓很高也可能是缺血的結果。1
急診團隊把心電圖判為竇性心搏過速合併LBBB與非特異性ST變化,只做了這一張,沒有啟動導管室;病人多次使用furosemide仍無尿,肌酸酐10 mg/dL,初次troponin I 0.334 ng/mL(參考值0–0.03),之後才給nitrate、aspirin、clopidogrel與heparin。1 SpO₂掉到70%、CPAP無效,插管後不久心跳停止、急救無效,最終診斷寫的是「心衰竭急性惡化」,OMI從頭到尾沒有被辨識。1 文中附上Queen of Hearts AI判讀,同時判為心內膜下缺血與OMI;利益揭露: Smith持有Queen of Hearts開發商Powerful Medical的股份,本篇部落格文中未見揭露。2 單一病例 · 專家判讀 · 教學級
Ken Grauer(KG-EKG Press,佛州ECG教學)補充三點:瀰漫性ST壓低加aVR抬高不一定是冠狀動脈閉塞,也可能來自心搏過速、休克、出血、貧血或電解質異常;III導程合併aVR抬高、但其他兩個下壁導程沒有抬高,就要想到Aslanger型態。3 他也點出,這位無尿、肌酸酐10 mg/dL的洗腎病人V1–V3有尖而窄的高T波,懷疑合併高血鉀,並提醒急性梗塞通常不會造成竇性心搏過速,看到時要找出原因。3
所以呢: 台灣急診的洗腎病人急性肺水腫很常見,處置常直接跳到利尿劑、BiPAP與緊急洗腎。這例提醒:肺水腫的心電圖要和胸痛病人一樣逐導程讀,瀰漫性壓低時特別盯住III導程;有疑慮就重複心電圖、做床邊超音波,並主動打給心臟科,說清楚「我擔心有下壁閉塞」。
T波倒置:肺栓塞還是ACS
是什麼: 伊朗Tabriz的Mohammadi等在Journal of Electrocardiology(心電圖期刊)10-17發表:回溯、病例對照,納入200位胸前導程T波倒置的病人,100位經心導管確診ACS、100位經電腦斷層肺動脈攝影確診肺栓塞,用影像處理描出V1–V3的倒置T波,再訓練多種監督式機器學習模型。4
為什麼要在意: Ensemble(AdaBoost)模型表現最好,準確度84.44%、敏感度83.96%、特異度84.87%;神經網路準確度84.00%,其他演算法在78%到82%之間。4 但這是單中心、兩組各100人、事先確診的病例對照設計,作者自己寫明臨床使用前需要更大、更具代表性族群的外部驗證。4 作者聲明沒有利益衝突。4 回溯病例對照 · 單中心 · n=200 · 假說級
所以呢: 胸前導程T波倒置在急診同時指向肺栓塞與LAD病灶(Wellens型態),兩者的處置方向完全不同。本刊觀點:這篇說明T波形狀裡可能有可分辨的訊號,但約84%的準確度離「單靠心電圖分流」很遠;現階段仍要靠病史、生命徵象、床邊超音波看右心室,再決定先做電腦斷層還是先找心臟科。
Q波看大小,不看位置
是什麼: Emre Aslanger(伊斯坦堡OMI共同作者)等在Journal of Electrocardiology(心電圖期刊)10-20發表:102位首次前壁STEMI病人,把個別Q波與傳統前壁Q波分類,拿來和心臟磁振造影(CMR)的節段性延遲顯影比對。5
為什麼要在意: 個別Q波和梗塞負荷的關係廣泛重疊,經偽發現率校正後,只有V1的Q波和基底前中膈及心尖中膈的梗塞負荷有顯著相關。5 改用「Q波延伸到哪個最外側胸前導程」分級時,梗塞大小從6%遞增到14%、17%與18%(趨勢P<0.001),左心室射出分率也隨之下降(趨勢P=0.004)。5 作者結論是Q波分布比較適合當作梗塞範圍的指標,而非梗塞位置的地圖,這個分級還需要外部驗證。5 作者聲明皆無利益衝突。5 觀察性 · 單中心 · n=102 · 需外部驗證
所以呢: 這和本刊W34介紹過同團隊以ST段做的CMR研究方向一致:心電圖擅長反映心肌受損的「量」,不擅長畫出「位置」。急診端的實務是:Q波延伸到V4–V6的前壁MI,代表梗塞範圍可能較大,交班與會診時要一併提出,但不要用「V1–V2有Q波」去推論哪一段心肌受損。
轉成可電擊後的amiodarone
[更新] 上週本刊只列出這篇的標題,本週摘要已上線,補上數字。
是什麼: Knapp等在Resuscitation(急救期刊)發表德國急救登錄資料的回溯研究:非創傷性OHCA成人,初始為不可電擊心律、之後轉為可電擊並至少接受兩次電擊,以傾向分數1:1配對,比較急救中有無給amiodarone。6
為什麼要在意: 5,535位病人中3,181位有給amiodarone,配對後每組1,843位。6 給藥組帶ROSC入院26.7% vs 23.0%(OR 1.22,95% CI 1.05–1.42)、24小時存活21.4% vs 14.7%(OR 1.58,95% CI 1.33–1.87)、存活出院6.5% vs 4.2%(OR 1.58,95% CI 1.18–2.12);神經學預後良好3.7% vs 2.9%,未達統計顯著(OR 1.31,95% CI 0.91–1.89)。6 利益揭露: 共同作者Greif擔任歐洲復甦委員會(ERC)指引與ILCOR主任,亦為Resuscitation Plus編輯委員,其他作者聲明無利益衝突。6 回溯登錄 · 傾向分數配對 · 每組n=1,843 · 關聯性
所以呢: 觀察性資料無法排除「有給藥的病人本來就比較有機會」的偏差,作者也只說未來需要對照研究釐清給藥時機。本刊觀點:這篇不改變目前「第三次電擊後給amiodarone」的流程,但提醒PEA或asystole急救中轉成VF/pVT時,要照可電擊流程走完,別因為起始心律不可電擊就忘了抗心律不整藥。
CPR時用呼吸器
是什麼: 花蓮慈濟、大林慈濟與台大等台灣團隊(Chu、Tsai等)在Resuscitation(急救期刊)10-12發表系統回顧與Bayesian統合分析:比較成人心跳停止CPR期間使用機械通氣(MV,急救中任何時間點用過即歸此組)與只用手動甦醒球(BV)的結果。7
為什麼要在意: 8篇研究、6,847位病人中,MV組的ROSC較高(合併RR 1.20,95% CrI 1.04–1.42),有益的後驗機率99%;存活到入院、存活出院與神經學預後良好有益的後驗機率分別為92.3%、93.6%與92.2%,氣胸發生率相近。7 作者結論很保守:存活與神經學預後的證據仍不精確、無法下定論。7 作者聲明無利益衝突。7 統合分析 · 8篇研究 · n=6,847 · 關聯性
所以呢: 摘要的分組方式是「急救中任何時候用過MV」,ROSC較高可能部分反映插管時機或急救時間長短,不能直接解讀成「呼吸器比甦醒球好」。本刊觀點:台灣急診插管後接呼吸器繼續CPR很常見,這篇支持持續研究,但在指引改變前,重點仍是避免過度通氣、確認呼吸器設定與胸外按壓相容。
延伸與出處
Resuscitation(急救期刊)本期其他重點
IV或IO? Holmberg等的個別病人資料統合分析合併IVIO與PARAMEDIC3兩個隨機試驗、7,561位OHCA病人:骨內優先與靜脈優先在30天存活(OR 1.01,95% CI 0.81–1.25)與神經學預後良好(OR 1.08,95% CI 0.83–1.41)都沒有差異;持續ROSC的點估計偏向靜脈(OR 0.90,95% CI 0.81–1.01),未達統計顯著。8 作者分別是兩個原始試驗的作者,部分作者為該期刊編輯。8
ROSC時間與長期恢復: 丹麥登錄資料納入2,583位目擊OHCA、存活至少30天的病人,ROSC時間越長,缺氧性腦傷越多(0.3%、1.8%、3.2%),但5年存活(Kaplan-Meier估計79%)與重返工作沒有差異;作者結論是急救時間拉長並不代表無法恢復。9
鴉片類相關OHCA: 加拿大卑詩省10,786位OHCA中有1,349位(13%)與鴉片類中毒相關,中位年齡40歲;整體上與神經學預後良好沒有關聯(OR 1.02,95% CI 0.77–1.35),但性別、初始心律與目擊與否的交互作用顯著,提醒觀察性OHCA研究要留意這群病人的影響。10
Journal of Electrocardiology(心電圖期刊)速報
節律器相關二聯律: Gao等整理6位病人動態心電圖上的節律器相關二聯律,歸納出6種機轉(如非競爭性心房刺激(NCAP)、自動捕獲、PVC上的心房刺激(A Pace on PVC)等),提醒這些多半是演算法與心律的互動,不一定是故障。11
閉塞時QRS變化的時間: Mc Loughlin分析45位擇期氣球閉塞病人,LAD閉塞的QRS向量變化出現在40.7 ms,早於RCA的53.6 ms(P=0.003),符合該區心肌的正常激動順序;屬探索性研究,作者是所用胸前雙極導程方法的發明人,並有阿根廷專利申請中。12
引用
Marai A;Smith SW評論,〈Acute pulmonary edema. Why?〉,Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格),2026-10-20。原文:「A 65-year-old male presented to the ED at 5:50 am with breathlessness that had started 2 days earlier and worsened 1 hour before arrival.」;「His blood pressure was 190/70 mmHg, pulse rate was approximately 130 bpm, and SpO₂ was 88%.」;「There is sinus tach with an wide QRS (133 ms)」;「But there is ALSO STE in lead III.」;「Thus, this is Aslanger’s pattern」;「acute pulmonary edema is often triggered by ACS — even when it appears to be triggered by something else such as hypertension」;「The cath lab was not activated.」;「Creatinine of 10 mg/dL」;「The initial cardiac troponin-I level came back elevated at 0.334 ng/mL (laboratory reference range: 0–0.03 ng/mL).」;「The patient’s SpO₂ subsequently dropped to 70%」;「He arrested shortly after intubation — and could not be resuscitated.」;「The OMI was never recognized」;「So QOH diagnoses BOTH SEI and OMI」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Smith SW、de Alencar JN,〈The Unlucky Occlusion Patients Missed by the STEMI/NSTEMI Paradigm May Be Found by OMI/NOMI〉,JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions(JACC心血管介入),2026(PMID 42863866),利益衝突聲明。原文:「Dr Smith holds stock in Powerful Medical, maker of the PMCardio Queen of Hearts AI ECG Model.」。跳到原文 ↩︎
Grauer K,My Comment(10/20/2026),收錄於〈Acute pulmonary edema. Why?〉,Dr. Smith's ECG Blog(Smith心電圖部落格),2026-10-20。原文:「the ECG finding of diffuse ST depression (usually in 6 or more leads) in association with ST elevation in lead aVR often is not the result of acute coronary occlusion」;「DSI plus inferior OMI is diagnosed by the presence of diffuse ST depression with ST elevation in both lead aVR and in lead III」;「I suspect hyperK」;「Acute infarction is usually not associated with sinus tachycardia unless “something else” is also going on」;「We need to find out WHY」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎
Mohammadi M、Sahrai H、Toutounchi KS等,〈Machine-learning differentiation of precordial T-wave inversion in pulmonary embolism and acute coronary syndrome〉,Journal of Electrocardiology(心電圖期刊),2026-10-17(PMID 42914926)。原文:「This retrospective, case-control study included 200 patients (100 ACS confirmed by coronary angiography; 100 PE confirmed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography)」;「The Ensemble (AdaBoost) model achieved the highest diagnostic performance, yielding an accuracy of 84.44%, sensitivity of 83.96%, specificity of 84.87%」;「Neural Network models performed comparably, achieving 84.00% accuracy」;「(ranging from 78% to 82%)」;「External validation in larger, clinically representative populations is required before clinical application.」;「The authors declare no competing interests.」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Aslanger EK、Gençol Akçay G、Acaroğlu Ş等,〈Pathological Q waves in anterior myocardial infarction: A marker of infarct extent rather than location〉,Journal of Electrocardiology(心電圖期刊),2026-10-20(PMID 42914927)。原文:「We analyzed 102 patients with first anterior ST-elevation MI.」;「only Q waves in V1 remained significantly associated with basal anteroseptal and apical septal LGE-defined infarct burden」;「infarct size increased from 6% to 14%, 17%, and 18% (P for trend<0.001)」;「LVEF declined across categories (P for trend = 0.004).」;「Q-wave distribution may be better interpreted as a marker of infarct extent than as a geographical map of infarct location」;利益衝突聲明:各作者皆「None」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Knapp J、Greif R、Bathe J、Wnent J、Harding U、Seewald S、Fischer M,〈Amiodarone after conversion from a non-shockable to a shockable rhythm in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A propensity score-matched analysis from the German resuscitation registry〉,Resuscitation(急救期刊),2026-10-06線上(PMID 42838501)。原文:「Of 5535 patients included 3181 received amiodarone and 2354 did not. After propensity-score matching, 1843 patients remained in each group.」;「hospital admission with ROSC (26.7% vs. 23.0%; OR 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.42), 24-h survival (21.4% vs. 14.7%; OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.33-1.87), and survival to hospital discharge (6.5% vs. 4.2%; OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.18-2.12)」;「(3.7% vs. 2.9%; OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.91-1.89)」;利益衝突聲明:「RG serves as Director of Guidelines and ILCOR for the European Resuscitation Council and as a member of the Editorial Board of Resuscitation Plus」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Chu YQ、Su EH、Li H、Ko YC、Wei WT、Tsai TY,〈Mechanical versus manual bag-valve ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with cardiac arrest: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis〉,Resuscitation(急救期刊),2026-10-12線上(PMID 42863592)。原文:「Eight studies involving 6847 patients were included.」;「MV use during CPR was associated with a higher rate of ROSC than BV use (pooled RR, 1.20; 95% CrI, 1.04-1.42), with a 99% posterior probability of benefit.」;「were 92.3%, 93.6%, and 92.2%, respectively」;「Evidence for improved survival and neurological outcomes remains imprecise and inconclusive.」;「The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎
Holmberg MJ、Couper K、Andersen LW、Lall R、Granfeldt A、Ji C、Perkins GD、Vallentin MF,〈Intravenous or intraosseous vascular access in cardiac arrest: an individual participant data meta-analysis〉,Resuscitation(急救期刊),2026-11(PMID 42727699)。原文:「Two randomized trials provided individual participant data for 7561 patients」;「There was no difference in 30-day survival (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-1.25」;「(odds ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.41」;「(odds ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-1.01」;利益衝突聲明:「were authors on the IVIO trial」、「were authors on the PARAMEDIC3 trial. Gavin D. Perkins is an Editor of the Resuscitation Journal.」。跳到原文 ↩︎ ↩︎
Oxwall A、Yazdanfard PDW、Nørskov A等,〈Time to return of spontaneous circulation and long-term outcomes in bystander-witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors〉,Resuscitation(急救期刊),2026-10-06線上(PMID 42838497)。原文:「We included 2583 patients」;「Anoxic brain damage increased with time-to-ROSC (A-C: 0.3%, 1.8%, 3.2%; p < 0.001).」;「5-year Kaplan-Meier estimate: 79%」;「prolonged resuscitation does not preclude recovery」。跳到原文 ↩︎
Mok V、Lee M、Buxton JA等,〈Opioid-associated vs undifferentiated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: examining differences in outcomes and the relationship with Utstein variables〉,Resuscitation(急救期刊),2026-10-09線上(PMID 42855034)。原文:「Of 10,786 OHCAs: 1349 (13%) were OA-OHCA」;「the median age was 40 years」;「We did not detect an association between OA-OHCA (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.77, 1.35)」;「statistically significant interactions for: sex (p = 0.032), initial cardiac rhythm (p = 0.024), and bystander-witnessed status」。跳到原文 ↩︎
Gao C、Chen Y、Li X等,〈Pacemaker-associated bigeminy〉,Journal of Electrocardiology(心電圖期刊),2026-10-20(PMID 42914924)。原文:「We conducted a retrospective analysis of six patients」;「We delineate six distinct mechanisms」;「a spectrum of phenomena driven by specific "algorithm-rhythm interactions."」。跳到原文 ↩︎
Mc Loughlin MJ,〈Transient coronary occlusion during elective PTCA: QRS changes are consistent with the timing of regional ventricular activation〉,Journal of Electrocardiology(心電圖期刊),2026-10-11(PMID 42874498)。原文:「Electrocardiograms from 45 patients were recorded during controlled balloon occlusion」;「In LAD occlusions, QRS vector changes occurred significantly earlier (40.7 ms), whereas RCA occlusions showed later changes (53.6 ms, p = 0.003」;利益衝突聲明:「The author is the inventor of the precordial bipolar lead methodology described in this manuscript and has a pending patent application related to this technology in Argentina.」。跳到原文 ↩︎